In this issue, we honor the sacrifice of those who came before us. In celebration of the United States’ 250th anniversary this year, the following articles describe notable events and individuals from the Revolutionary period.

Celebrating United States history
| Physicians of the American Revolution, Kevin Loughlin The last days of George Washington, George Dunea Washington and his spectacles, Ronald Fishman Washington’s deadliest enemy, Kathryn Tone The three contraries of Benjamin Franklin: “The gout, the stone and not yet master of all my passions”, James L. Franklin |
| Thomas Jefferson’s medical schools, John Ehrhardt, Patrick O’Leary Joseph Warren: The forgotten founder, Kevin Loughlin Brushstrokes and benevolence: Thomas Sully, Samuel Coates, and the Pennsylvania Hospital, Sally Metzler Doctor Riker’s decision, Julie Gianakon The Massachusetts General Hospital, Andy Hung |
Encore: Medicine in art
| Signs of diseases in art, Chris Clark Tobias and the Angel—miracle or medical?, Elizabeth Colledge Ghirlandaio, humanism, and truth: The portrait of an elderly man and young boy, Vincent P. de Luise Bosch’s Stone Operation: Meaning, medicine, and morality, Laurinda Dixon The Potato Eaters: Brushstrokes of sickness and sustenance, Jeanne Dsouza |
| Pieter Bruegel and The Parable of the Blind, Howard Fischer Rembrandt: Tobias Healing His Father’s Blindness, James L. Franklin The Isenheim Altarpiece and “homeopathic” hospital art, Katrina Genuis Bronzino and the wages of sin, Frank Gonzalez-Crussi Monet’s illnesses: Beyond cataracts, Sally Metzler |
Hektorama: Great English language literature
ISSN 2155-3017





















