Hektoen International

A Journal of Medical Humanities

Tag: Wladimir J. Alonso

  • The first clinical trial and controlled biological experiments

    Wladimir J. AlonsoSteven Zhixiang ZhouCynthia Schuck-PaimSao Paulo, Brazil & London, UK Although over a millennium ago some clinicians already appreciated that fair comparisons are needed to infer causality about the effects of medical treatments,1 it has been widely accepted until now that the first proper clinical trial was performed in the 18th century by the British…