Hektoen International

A Journal of Medical Humanities

Tag: of surgery

  • Ambroise Pare: Standard bearer for barber-surgery reform

    Mildred WilsonDetroit, MI “There are five duties of surgery: to remove what is superfluous, to restore what has been dislocated, to separate what has grown together, to reunite what has been divided, and to redress the defects of nature.”—Ambroise Pare1 For centuries, barbers throughout Europe assisted monks in bloodletting. In 1163, Pope Alexander III issued…