Hektoen International

A Journal of Medical Humanities

Author: Hektoen International

  • The kingdom of Bhutan: Culture and health

    Situated high up in the Himalayas between India and China, the Kingdom of Bhutan has a population of some 780,000 people. It is notable for its traditional, rich culture and a constitution that mandates that at least 60% of its land must always remain forested. The Bhutanese people are predominantly of Tibetan and Nepali descent.…

  • The troubled mind of Emperor Rudolf II (1552–1612)

    When Rudolf II became Holy Roman Emperor in 1576, he gradually shifted the imperial court from Vienna to Prague, transforming the latter into a center of Renaissance culture. He attracted to his court some of the greatest intellects of his time, supporting literature, painting, alchemy, astrology, natural philosophy, and medicine. He collected scientific instruments, exotic…

  • Etruscan medicine

    The Etruscans were ancient people whose origins are still uncertain. Herodotus believed they had emigrated to Italy from Lydia in Asia Minor, but Dionysius of Halicarnassus, writing in the Augustan era, argued that they were indigenous to Italy, a view supported by modern genetic and archaeological research. This is not to deny the importance of…

  • The Welsh fasting girl

    In 1869, a twelve-year-old Welsh girl named Sarah Jacob became famous for claiming she had eaten nothing for two years. Crowds came to visit her at her family farm, and many made donations. She lay in a decorated bed wearing a crown of flowers, serene and apparently healthy—the “Welsh Fasting Girl.” There had been several…

  • Couvade syndrome: Expectant fathers and pregnancy symptoms

    When prospective fathers develop the same symptoms as their pregnant wives, they are said to suffer from couvade syndrome, or sympathetic pregnancy. Named after the French word couver, meaning to brood or hatch, it was described in 1865 by the British anthropologist Edward Tylor and consists of the prospective father developing physical and psychological symptoms—nausea,…

  • Christiaan Eijkman, unpolished rice, and the discovery of vitamins

    In 1883, a young Dutch physician, Christiaan Eijkman, arrived to work on the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies. Born in 1858, he took his preliminary examinations in 1875, became a student at the Military Medical School of the University of Amsterdam, and obtained his doctorate by working on the physiology of the…

  • Akbar the Great: Medical aspects

    Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar (1542–1605), known to history as Akbar the Great, was the third emperor of the Mughal dynasty and one of the most influential rulers of early modern South Asia. Ascending to the throne at the age of thirteen, he transformed a fragile empire into a vast and stable polity. His reign is remembered…

  • The lost genius of Vaslav Nijinsky

    Stephen McWilliamsDublin, Ireland Darren Aronofsky’s 2010 film Black Swan tells the tale of a dancer in the New York City Ballet’s production of Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake. Key to the story is the ballerina’s descent into psychosis under immense pressure to compete for the leading part of the White Swan. The film, inspired in part by…

  • Babur, the first Mughal emperor

    Babur is remembered as the conqueror of India and founder of the Mughal dynasty. Born in 1483 in Andijan, present-day Uzbekistan, his full name was Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur. His family was part of the “Mongolized Turkic” population that arose following the conquests by Genghis Khan in c. 1200 and the establishment of the mixed…

  • The rat in medicine

    Rats occupy a peculiar position in their relation to humans. Traditionally despised and hated as carriers of disease, they have become in recent years indispensable partners in the pursuit of better health, therapeutic innovation, and understanding of disease mechanisms. They are easy to handle, have a long history of selective breeding, and are physiologically and…