Stanford ShulmanChicago, Illinois Introduction During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries medicine transitioned into a more science-based discipline. This was primarily the result of gross pathology contributions of Giovanni Morgagni (1682-1772) of Padua and the later efforts of French physicians Jean Corvisart (1755-1821), F.X. Bichat (1771-1802), Rene Laennec (1781-1826), (Fig. 1) and Pierre Louis…